California Games for Commodore 64 is a classic sports simulation game that has stood the test of time. Released in 1987, the game features a variety of sporting events that are unique to California, including skateboarding, surfing, BMX biking, roller skating, footbag, and frisbee.
One of the standout features of California Games is the vibrant graphics and smooth gameplay. The characters and environments are well-detailed and the controls are responsive, making for a satisfying and immersive gaming experience.
The game also has a high replay value, as there are multiple difficulty levels and different ways to play each event. For example, in the skateboarding event, players can choose to do tricks or race against the clock. In the surfing event, players can choose to ride the waves or try to survive a treacherous shark attack.
In addition to the single player mode, California Games also has a two-player mode where friends can compete against each other. This adds an extra layer of fun and competition to the game.
Overall, California Games for Commodore 64 is a must-have for any retro gaming fan. The variety of sporting events and smooth gameplay make it a timeless classic that is still fun to play today.
By phantomComments Off on 50 Popular c64 Games at 90’s
International Karate – This is a fighting game developed by System 3 and published by Imagine Software in 1986. It features fast-paced gameplay and multiple gameplay modes, including a single-player tournament mode and a two-player head-to-head mode.
California Games – This is a collection of sports minigames developed by Epyx and published by Epyx in 1987. The game includes events such as skateboarding, surfing, roller skating, and more.
Summer Games – This is a sports simulation game developed by Epyx and published by Epyx in 1984. The game includes events such as track and field, swimming, diving, and more.
Winter Games – This is a sports simulation game developed by Epyx and published by Epyx in 1985. The game includes events such as skiing, ice skating, and more.
Epyx World Games – This is a collection of sports minigames developed by Epyx and published by Epyx in 1986. The game includes events such as sumo wrestling, pole vaulting, and more.
Elite – This is a space trading and combat game developed by David Braben and Ian Bell and published by Acornsoft in 1984. The game features procedurally generated galaxies and allows players to trade goods, engage in combat, and more.
Maniac Mansion – This is a graphic adventure game developed by Lucasfilm Games (now known as Lucasfilm and later renamed to LucasArts) and published by Lucasfilm Games in 1987. The game features multiple branching storylines and allows players to explore a creepy mansion and interact with its eccentric inhabitants.
Winter Sports – This is a sports simulation game developed by Epyx and published by Epyx in 1986. The game includes events such as ice skating, ice hockey, and more.
The Great Giana Sisters – This is a platformer game developed by Time Warp Productions and published by Rainbow Arts in 1987. The game is similar to Super Mario Bros. and features fast-paced gameplay and power-ups.
Ghost’n Goblins – This is a platformer game developed by Capcom and published by Elite Systems in 1986. The game features challenging gameplay and multiple levels.
Bubble Bobble – This is a puzzle-platformer game developed and published by Taito Corporation in 1986. The game features cooperative gameplay and allows players to control bubble-blowing dragons as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Boulder Dash – This is a puzzle-platformer game
California Games II – This is a collection of sports minigames developed by Epyx and published by Epyx in 1988. The game includes events such as mountain biking, snowboarding, and more.
Impossible Mission – This is a puzzle-platformer game developed by Epyx and published by Epyx in 1984. The game features challenging gameplay and allows players to explore a futuristic laboratory and collect pieces of a puzzle.
The Legend of Zelda – This is a action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo in 1987. The game features nonlinear gameplay and allows players to explore a vast open world, defeat enemies, and collect items.
The Last Ninja – This is a action-adventure game developed by System 3 and published by System 3 in 1987. The game features challenging gameplay and allows players to explore a vast open world, defeat enemies, and collect items.
The Last Ninja 2 – This is a action-adventure game developed by System 3 and published by System 3 in 1988. It is the sequel to The Last Ninja and features similar gameplay.
The Last Ninja 3 – This is a action-adventure game developed by System 3 and published by System 3 in 1989. It is the final installment in the Last Ninja trilogy and features similar gameplay.
Lode Runner – This is a puzzle-platformer game developed and published by Broderbund in 1984. The game features challenging gameplay and allows players to collect items and defeat enemies while navigating through levels.
Moonstone: A Hard Days Knight – This is a action role-playing game developed by Mindscape and published by Mindscape in 1991. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a knight as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Monty on the Run – This is a platformer game developed by Gremlin Graphics and published by Gremlin Graphics in 1985. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character named Monty as he escapes from prison and tries to evade capture by the authorities.
Nebulus – This is a puzzle-platformer game developed and published by Hewson Consultants in 1987. The game features challenging gameplay and allows players to control a character as they navigate through levels and defeat enemies.
Navy Seals – This is a action game developed and published by Ocean Software in 1989. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a member of the Navy SEALs as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Nemesis the Warlock – This is a action game developed by Hewson Consultants and published by Hewson Consultants in 1987. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Ninja Warriors – This is a action game developed by Taito Corporation and published by Ocean Software in 1988. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a ninja as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Noah’s Ark – This is a puzzle game developed and published by Konami in 1988. The game features challenging gameplay and allows players to match pairs of animals and progress through levels.
North & South – This is a action game developed by Infogrames and published by Infogrames in 1989. The game is based on the American Civil War and features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control soldiers as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Ocean Ranger – This is a action game developed and published by Ocean Software in 1988. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Paradroid – This is a action game developed and published by Hewson Consultants in 1985. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a robot as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Platoon – This is a action game developed and published by Ocean Software in 1987. The game is based on the film of the same name and features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Popeye – This is a platformer game developed and published by Parker Brothers in 1983. The game is based on the Popeye cartoon and features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control Popeye as he progresses through levels and defeats enemies.
Rainbow Islands – This is a puzzle-platformer game developed and published by Taito Corporation in 1987. The game is a sequel to Bubble Bobble and features similar gameplay. Players control characters as they progress through levels and defeat enemies by creating and using rainbows.
Rainbow Islands: The Story of Bubble Bobble 2 – This is a puzzle-platformer game developed and published by Taito Corporation in 1988. It is a re-release of Rainbow Islands and features similar gameplay.
R-Type – This is a shoot ’em up game developed and published by Irem Corporation in 1987. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a spaceship as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Salamander – This is a shoot ’em up game developed and published by Konami in 1988. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a spaceship as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Shadow of the Beast – This is a action game developed by Reflections Interactive and published by Psygnosis in 1989. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Shadow Warriors – This is a action game developed by Tecmo and published by Tecmo in 1989. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Silkworm – This is a shoot ’em up game developed and published by Tecmo in 1988. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a helicopter as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Skool Daze – This is a action game developed and published by Microsphere in 1984. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Skyblazer – This is a action game developed by Climax Entertainment and published by Sony Imagesoft in 1994. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Skyroads – This is a puzzle-platformer game developed and published by Bluemoon Interactive in 1993. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Snowball – This is a action game developed and published by Magnetic Scrolls in 1988. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Solomon’s Key – This is a puzzle game developed and published by Tecmo in 1986. The game features challenging gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and collect items.
Space Invaders – This is a shoot ’em up game developed and published by Taito Corporation in 1979. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a spaceship as they defend against waves of alien invaders.
Space Invaders Part II – This is a shoot ’em up game developed and published by Taito Corporation in 1981. It is a sequel to Space Invaders and features similar gameplay.
Speedball – This is a sports simulation game developed and published by The Bitmap Brothers in 1988. The game is based on the sport of the same name and features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a team as they progress through
Speedball 2: Brutal Deluxe – This is a sports simulation game developed and published by The Bitmap Brothers in 1990. It is a sequel to Speedball and features similar gameplay.
Spelunker – This is a platformer game developed and published by Irem Corporation in 1984. The game features challenging gameplay and allows players to control a character as they progress through levels and collect items.
Spy Hunter – This is a action game developed and published by Bally Midway in 1983. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a car as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
Starglider – This is a shoot ’em up game developed and published by Rainbird Software in 1986. The game features fast-paced gameplay and allows players to control a spaceship as they progress through levels and defeat enemies.
By phantomComments Off on Where can I found legal Amiga Roms
It is generally not legal to download ROMs or disk images of software for systems like the Amiga unless you own the original physical copies of the software and are creating copies for your own personal use. If you own physical copies of Amiga software and want to create ROMs or disk images for use with an emulator, you can do so using specialized software and hardware. Here are the general steps for creating an Amiga ROM:
Obtain a device called a “ROM dumper” that is capable of reading the ROMs from your Amiga cartridges. These devices are available from some electronics retailers or online.
Connect the ROM dumper to your computer and follow the instructions provided to create a copy of the ROM from the cartridge.
Use an Amiga emulator or other software to open the ROM file and run the software.
It is important to note that distributing ROMs or disk images of copyrighted software without permission is illegal in most countries, even if you own the original copies of the software.
If you are looking for legal Amiga downloads, there are a number of websites that offer legal downloads of Amiga software, including games, utilities, and other applications. Some options include the Internet Archive (https://archive.org/details/softwarelibrary_amiga), C64.com (https://www.c64.com/games), and the Homebrew C64 Software List (https://www.c64-wiki.com/index.php/Homebrew_C64_Software_List). It is always important to respect the copyright holders of software and only download or use software that you have obtained legally.
WinUAE: This emulator is available for Windows and allows users to run Amiga software on modern computers.
Amiga Forever: This is a commercial emulator package that includes an emulator and a collection of games and other software for the Amiga. It is available for Windows and Android.
FS-UAE: This is a cross-platform emulator that supports a variety of Amiga models and is available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and other operating systems.
AmigaSYS: This is a commercial emulator package that includes an emulator and a collection of games and other software for the Amiga. It is available for Windows.
Amiga In A Box: This is a commercial emulator package that includes an emulator and a collection of games and other software for the Amiga. It is available for Windows and Android.
Amiga Emulator: This is a commercial emulator for Android devices that allows users to run Amiga software on their mobile devices.
E-UAE: This is a free, open-source emulator that is available for a wide range of operating systems, including Windows, macOS, Linux, and more.
RetroArch: This is a cross-platform emulator that supports a wide range of systems, including the Amiga. It is available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and other operating systems.
Keep in mind that some emulators may require the use of original Amiga ROMs or disk images in order to run software. It is important to only use ROMs or disk images that you own or have obtained legally.
By phantomComments Off on is there any legal c64 download site
There are a number of websites that offer legal downloads of Commodore 64 software, including games, utilities, and other applications. However, it is important to note that the availability of C64 software for download may vary depending on the copyright holder and the specific terms of use for the software.
One website that offers a large selection of legal Commodore 64 downloads is the Internet Archive. The Internet Archive is a non-profit organization that works to preserve and provide access to historical and cultural works, including a wide variety of computer software. The Internet Archive’s collection of C64 software can be accessed through the Internet Archive’s website at: https://archive.org/details/softwarelibrary_c64
Other websites that offer legal C64 downloads include:
C64.com: This website offers a variety of C64 games and other software that have been made available for free download by their copyright holders.
CSDb: The Commodore 64 Scene Database (CSDb) is a community-driven website that includes a large collection of C64 software, including games, demos, and utilities. Some of the software available for download on CSDb may be freeware or shareware, while others may be available for purchase.
The Homebrew C64 Software List: This website is maintained by the Commodore 64 Homebrew Scene and includes a list of C64 software that has been released by independent developers or hobbyists.
It is always important to respect the copyright holders of software and only download or use software that you have obtained legally.
By phantomComments Off on How to get an Original C64 Rom
It is generally not legal to download ROMs or disk images of software for systems like the Commodore 64 unless you own the original physical copies of the software and are creating copies for your own personal use. If you own physical copies of C64 software and want to create ROMs or disk images for use with an emulator, you can do so using specialized software and hardware. Here are the general steps for creating a C64 ROM:
Obtain a device called a “ROM dumper” that is capable of reading the ROMs from your C64 cartridges. These devices are available from some electronics retailers or online.
Connect the ROM dumper to your computer and follow the instructions provided to create a copy of the ROM from the cartridge.
Use a C64 emulator or other software to open the ROM file and run the software.
It is important to note that distributing ROMs or disk images of copyrighted software without permission is illegal in most countries, even if you own the original copies of the software.
RS232 is a serial communication standard. This standard specifies signal levels, error correction methods, and other details. RS232 is a standard developed in the 1960s and is still used in many devices.
The RS232 standard allows electronic devices to communicate with each other. This standard enables one device (for example, a computer) to send and receive data from another device (for example, a printer). RS232 performs this operation using the serial communication method.
RS232 is used in many different devices. For example, RS232 is used for a computer to send data to a printer. This standard is also used for a keyboard to send data to a computer. Today, more advanced serial communication standards are used instead of RS232.
RS-232, a protocol dating back to the 60s, is difficult for the unfamiliar to understand and use. Although it was thought to be sufficient in the years it was released, it has been updated several times over time. In its original state, synchronized data communication was made between the transmitter and receiver without any error checking. At that time data sizes were small enough to be measured in a few kilobytes or even bytes, so rates of 600 baud were quite sufficient. Of course, in those years, it was not foreseen how the future computers, printers, test equipment, post devices and other devices would develop, and the standard was shaped only then to the extent that they would do their job. (Electronic Industries Association – EIA)
Over the years, as the size of the data transferred due to technological advances has increased, higher speeds have begun to be needed. This has started to cause the data to be sent by being compressed even more. As the data transfer rate increased, data corruption started to occur due to physical conditions and the danger of sending incorrect information to the receiver emerged.
As a result, solutions such as adding the parity bit and controlling the flow with handshake were used. However, this protocol is too slow for data transfer nowadays and it is no longer its main task. However, it is possible to find this port on many devices. Even on modern devices, we can do basic console operations and debugging directly from this port. Sometimes this can be the only method in some industrial devices that do not have an IP address, or even an ethernet port, without a screen, without a keyboard, and almost like a closed box. This type of connection is also used for debugging with Arduino.
Voltage levels are important
The RS-232 standard defined voltage levels for data transmission and control signal lines corresponding to the logical one and logical zero levels as follows. Valid signals are in the range of +3 to +15 volts or -3 to -15 volts relative to the “Common Ground” (GND) pin; As a result, the range from −3 to +3 volts is not a valid RS-232 level.
±5 V, ±10 V, ±12 V and ±15 V are commonly used voltage levels. The signals between the two ends should be balanced with each other and in these ranges according to the GND pin. The two ends should be as close to each other as possible. If the distance is long, the GND voltages may be different. This becomes even more critical if the devices at the two ends are fed from different power sources. This can be solved by keeping the GND voltages as close to each other as possible. Good grounding is a good solution to this.
In the above example, it belongs to the file received via RS-232 from a Siemens CNC machine. The header, which is the first line of the file, contains some information. The first of the two examples above were taken as PC Format and the other as Punched Tape. It seems more understandable for people with punched tape.
The first line of the file is the filename, the second line is the location from which it was taken. In addition, the end of the file is determined with 25(HEX) characters. This file contains only one MPF program.
When I import the whole folder as WPD, all programs and paths are seen. These 3 programs are arranged in the same file as a continuation of the previous one.
If we restore this WPD file, it will be reinstalled on the machine with the correct directory structure.
This picture theoretically shows the shape of the signal when the letter J is sent over the RS232 interface. The real state is more in the form of curves. In the figure, the bit stream at the 0V and 5V logic levels is sent from the out pin of the microcontroller. Boosted to ±12 volts with an inverter like the MAX232. -12V corresponds to logic 1 and +12V to logic 0. Output voltages can be between ± 5V and ± 25 V. High voltage is more useful in long distance transmissions.
The period of 1 bit in this figure is 1/frequency. For 9600 bps, it is seen as 1/9600, i.e. 104,166 microseconds.
In serial communication, information is sent sequentially. RS-232 sends 8 bits of data and 1 bit of parity bit and 1 byte of information. There is no signal to indicate where the bits begin and end. Receiver and sender parties must work at the same speed. What is meant by speed here is the value known as baud rate. ex
By phantomComments Off on RS-232 sabrımızı sınıyor.
RS232, bir seri haberleşme standartıdır. Bu standart, sinyal düzeyleri, hata düzeltme yöntemleri ve diğer ayrıntıları belirler. RS232, 1960’larda geliştirilmiş bir standarttır ve halen birçok cihazda kullanılmaktadır.
RS232 standartı, elektronik eşyaların birbirleriyle iletişim kurmasını sağlar. Bu standart, bir cihazın (örneğin bir bilgisayarın) diğer bir cihaza (örneğin bir yazıcının) veri göndermesini ve almasını sağlar. RS232, seri haberleşme yöntemini kullanarak bu işlemi gerçekleştirir.
RS232, birçok farklı cihazda kullanılır. Örneğin, bir bilgisayarın bir yazıcıya veri göndermesi için RS232 kullanılır. Ayrıca, bir klavyenin bir bilgisayara veri göndermesi için de bu standart kullanılır. Günümüzde ise, RS232 yerine daha gelişmiş seri haberleşme standartları kullanılmaktadır.
60’larden kalma bir protokol olan RS-232’in anlaşılması ve kullanılması aşina olmayanlar için zordur. Çıktığı yıllarda yeterli olduğu düşünülse de zamanla birkaç kez güncelleme geçirmiştir. Orijinal halinde herhangi bir hata kontrolü yapılmaksızın verici ve alıcı arasında senkronize veri iletişimi yapılıyordu. O zamanki veri boyutları birkaç kilobyte hatta byte’lar ile ölçülecek kadar küçük olduğundan 600 baud gibi hızlar oldukça yeterliydi. Elbette o yıllarda gelecekteki bilgisayarların, yazıcıların, test ekipmanlarının, post cihazları ve diğer cihazların ne şekilde gelişeceği öngörülememiş ve standart sadece o zaman kendi işlerini görecekleri kadarıyla şekillenmiştir. ( Electronic Industries Association – EIA)
Yıllar içince teknolojik ilerlemelere bağlı olarak aktarılan veri boyutları arttıkça daha yüksek hızlara ihtiyaç duyulmaya başlamıştır. Bu da verilerin daha da sıkıştırılarak gönderilmesine neden olmaya başlamıştır. Veri aktarım hızı yükseldikçe fiziksel şartlar nedeniyle veride bozulmalar meydana gelmeye başlamış ve alıcıya hatalı bilgi gitme tehlikesi ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunun sonucunda çözüm olarak, parite biti eklenmesi, handshake ile akış kontrolü yapılması gibi yollara gidilmiştir. Bunlara rağmen bu protokol günümüzde veri aktarımı için çok yavaştır ve ana görevi artık bu değildir. Yine de birçok cihazın üzerinde bu portu bulmak mümkün. Hatta modern cihazlarda bile temel konsol işlemlerini ve hata ayıklama işlerini doğrudan bu port üzerinden yapabiliyoruz. IP adresi belli olmayan, hatta ethernet portu olmayan, ekransız, klavyesiz, neredeyse kapalı kutu gibi duran bazı endüstriyel cihazlarda bazen bu tek yöntem olabiliyor. Arduino ile hata ayıklama için de bu tür bir bağlantı kullanılmaktadır.
Voltaj seviyeleri önemlidir
RS-232 standardı, veri iletimi ve kontrol sinyali hatları için mantıksal bir ve mantıksal sıfır seviyelerine karşılık gelen voltaj seviyelerini şu şekilde tanımlamıştır. Geçerli sinyaller “Ortak Zemin” (GND) pinine göre +3 ila +15 volt aralığında veya -3 ila -15 volt aralığındadır; Sonuç olarak, −3 ila +3 volt arasındaki aralık geçerli bir RS-232 seviyesi değildir.
±5 V, ±10 V, ±12 V ve ±15 V sık kullanılan voltaj seviyeleridir. İki uç arasındaki sinyaller GND pinine göre bu aralıklarda ve birbirleriyle dengeli olmalıdır. İki uç birbirine mümkün olduğunca yakın olmalıdır. Eğer mesafe uzunsa GND gerilimleri farklı olabilir. İki uçtaki cihazlar farklı güç kaynaklarında besleniyorsa bu durum daha da kritik hale gelir. Mümkün olduğunca GND gerilimlerinin birbirine yakın olması ile bu çözülebilir. İyi topraklama yapmak buna iyi bir çözümdür.
Yukarıdaki örnekte bir Siemens CNC makinesinden RS-232 ile alınan dosyaya aittir. Dosyanın ilk satırı olan başlıkta bazı bilgiler bulunur. Yukarıdaki iki örnekten birincisi PC Format, diğeri Punched Tape olarak alındı. Punched tape olan insan için daha anlaşılır görülüyor.
Dosyanın ilk satırı dosya adı, ikinci satırı alındığı konumu belirtiyor. Ayrıca dosya sonu da 25(HEX) karakteri ile belirleniyor. Bu dosya tek MPF programı içeriyor.
WPD olarak tüm klasörü aldığımda da tüm program ve yolları görülüyor. Bu 3 program aynı dosyanın içinde bir öncekinin devamı şeklinde sıralanmış haldedir.
Bu WPD dosyasını geri yüklersek, makineye doğru dizin yapısı ile tekrar yüklenir.
Bu resimde J harfinin RS232 ara birimi üzerinden gönderilişi sırasındaki sinyal şeklini teorik olarak gösteriyor. Gerçek hali ise daha çok eğriler şeklinde oluyor. Şekilde 0V ve 5V lojik seviyelerindeki bit akışı mikroişlemcinin out pininden gönderilmiş . MAX232 gibi bir çevirici ile ± 12 volta yükseltilmiş. -12V lojik 1 ve +12V lojik 0 olarak tekabül eder. Çıkış gerilimleri ± 5V ile ± 25 V arasında olabilir. Uzun mesafeli iletimlerde yüksek gerilim daha kullanışlıdır.
Bu şeklin içindeki 1 bitin periyodu 1/frekans . 9600 bps için 1/9600 yani 104,166 mikrosaniye olarak görülüyor.
Seri haberleşmede bilgiler sıralı olarak gönderilir. RS-232 8 bit data ve 1 bit parite biti ile 1 Byte bilgiyi göndermiş olur. Bitlerin nerede başlayıp bittiğini gösterecek bir sinyal yoktur. Alıcı ile gönderici tarafların aynı hız ile çalışması gerekir. Burada hızdan kast edilen baud rate olarak bilinen değerdir. Örneğin 9600 bps , saniyede 9600 bit hız anlamındadır.
Data bitleri 5,6,7,8,9 olarak ayarlanabilir. Start bitinden sonra sırayla gelirler. Genelde 7 veya 8 bit olarak kullanılır ve lsb önce sönderilir (bkz :least significant bit). 7 veya 8 seçmekteki ilk neden şu olabilir: alfabedeki ASCII karakterlerin hepsi (ve kontrol karakterleri de tabi ki) ilk 7 bit ile kodlanabilir. 8. bit ise grafik semboller veya çalıştırılabilir ikili kodlar (binary , RAW) için kullanılır. Sadece yazı göndermek için 7 bit uzunluk kullanabilirsiniz bu 1 bit, akış hızının bir miktar artmasına yardımcı olur.
Baud rate ile sinyal frekansı arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak gerekirse, baud rate kısaca saniyede aktarılan bit sayısıdır. Bu her bir bitin periyodunu tanımlamak için kullanılır. 2400 bps için frekans 2400 Hz. ve bit periyodu 1/2400 saniye olacaktır. Bu bilgi alıcı cihazın gelen bitleri çözmesi için gereklidir.
Bu protokol bir saat (Clock : dijital elektronikte kullanılan senkronizasyon sinyali) olmadan asenkron olarak tüm bilgiyi aktarabilir. Aktarımın başında, takip eden bitlerin bir data baytını getireceğini belirten bir Start biti alıcıya gönderilir. Idle (Boş) durumunda bekleyen RS232 hattı düşük (-12V) durumundan yüksek (+12) durumuna geçer ve 1 bit periyodunca böyle kalır. Alıcı için bunun anlamı data taramasının ilk yükselen kenarını aldığı ve bilginin gelmeye başlayacağıdır.
Bu bitle birlikte alıcı her bitin ortasında kendi clock sinyalini üretir. Başlangıç biti bir kere bulunduktan sonra, alıcı her bitin uzunluğunu (period) hesaplar. Bunu baud rate değerini kullanarak yapar. Bu neden alıcı ile göndericinin Baud rate, stop, data, parite ayarlarını aynı yapmamız gerektiğini açıklıyor. Yoksa hiç birşey alamayız, ya da garip karakterler aktarılır.
Parite (Eşlik, Parity) tüm data bitlerinin kaç tanesinin 1 olduğundan üretilir. Parite ayarı Çift (Odd) ise ve 1 olan bitlerin sayısı çift ise parite biti 1 olur. Tek (Even) ayarı kullanılırsa, 1 olan bitlerin toplam adedi tek ise parite biti 1 olur. Amacı iletişimde aksaklık olup olmadığını kontrol etmektir. Parity error diye bilinen hataların çoğu sinyal kesintisi olduğuna veya voltaj seviyesi uyumsuzluğuna işaret eder.
Bu şekilde hata kontrolü yapmanın bir eksikliği vardır. 2 bit birden yanlış aktarılırsa doğruymuş gibi sonuç verir ve hatalı aktarım yapılmış olur. Çünkü herhangi bir çift sayılı bit toplamı aynı sonucu verir. Kısa kablo kullanılan sistemlerde (5-10 M) bu bir soruna neden olmaz ve belki hiçbir parite hatası ortaya çıkmaz.
Uzun bir kablo üzerinden aktarım yapılan sistemlerde veya gürültülü ortamlarda RS232 ile haberleşme yapmadan önce ve sonra bir çevrim testi yapmak ve ortamın uygunluğunu test etmek daha iyi olacaktır. (CRC: Cyclic redundancy check)
Stop biti, bir sonraki karaktere geçmeden önce ara verilmesi için kullanılır. Byte bittikten sonra gönderilir. Uzunluğu 1, 1.5 veya 2 olabilir. Yüksek hızlarda stop ile start bitinin arasındaki boşluk çok kısa olabilir. Örneğin 1/115200 = 8.26 mikro saniye olur. Yükselen kenarın ve düşen kenarların uzunluklarının toplamı ise 6 mikro saniye kadardır. Böylece stop bitinin algılanabilmesi için sadece 2.26 mikro saniyelik bir zaman aralığı kalır ki kritik bir değer olduğundan veri iletişiminde sorunlar ortaya çıkabilir. Stop bitini 2 kullanarak bunu 16.5 milisaniyeye çıkarabiliriz. Böylece 10 mikro saniyeden biraz daha fazla zaman kalır. Bu alıcının gelen ascii karakterlerini daha iyi ayırmasına yardımcı olur. Ayrıca yüksek hızlarda haberleşme yapıldığında hat kapasitesi, kare dalga şeklinin bükülmesine neden olur. Bu sanki tellere paralel kondansatör bağlanmış gibi etki göstermektedir. Osiloskopta kare dalga yerine CR deşarj eğrisine benzer bir şekil görülür. Hızın yavaşlatılması, dolayısı ile periyodun uzatılması daha fazla kapasitif yüklemeye izin verir yani aktarımı kolaylaştırır. Alıcı ve göndericinin donanımsal özellikleri de buna etki eder. Bazı durumlarda MAX232 entegresinin kapasite değerlerini azaltmak (örnek: 0.1 nF ) daha kararlı haberleşmeye imkân tanır.
Baud rate
9600
Data bitleri
8
Parite
None
Stop biti
1
Flow Control (Akış Kontrolü)
None
Tipik aktarım değerleri tabloda görülüyor.
Handshake sinyali: Data akışının durdurulması içim kullanılan metoda verilen addır. Eğer alıcı meşgul veya dolu ise ve daha fazla bit alamıyorsa hattın diğer ucuna akışı durdurması için bilgi verir. Yoksa bilgi kaybı olacaktır. Temelde Hardware ve Software olarak iki türlü handshake metodu kullanılır. Bu metotlar birlikte de kullanılabilir.
DTR – Data Terminal Ready.
DSR – Data Set Ready.
RTS – Request To send.
CTS – Clear To Send.
Bu sinyaller hardware handshake ile kullanılır. Bunlar TX ve RX sinyalleri ile aynı voltaj seviyelerinde olmalı ve RS232 çipi tarafında üretilmelidir. Bu protokol modem çalışma mantığı üzerine kurulmuştur. (DCE) Telefon çaldığında, telefon hattına bağlı olan modem otomatik olarak data akışını kabul eder.
PC modeme bilgi göndermek için RTS’yi kullanır. Modem data almak için CTS’yi kullanır. İkisi de 1 olduğunda modeme doğru akış yapılabilir. Modem CTS’yi 0 yaptığında PC gönderimi durdurur ve beklemeye başlar.
Modem PC ye bilgi göndermek isterse DSR yi 1 yapar. PC DTR yi 1 yaparak izin verir.
Software handshake sadece 3 kablo ile haberleşebilir. Hardware handshake için kullanılan uçlar birbirine köprülenmiştir. XON ve XOFF adı verile özel ASCII karakterleri ile gönderici cihaza durdurma sinyali XOFF iletilir. Alıcı ara belleğini (Buffer) boşalttığında tekrar aktarıma devam etmesi için XON sinyalini göndericiye iletir.
Genel olarak XON=H17 XOFF=H19 olarak kullanılır. (Hexadecimal)
By phantomComments Off on Geliştirici Araçları Listesi
Geliştirici Araçları
PowerToys : Microsoft tarafından geliştiricilerin kullanması için sağlanan açık kaynaklı küçük araçlardır. İçinde (Color Picker) renk seçme aracı , Fancy Zones gibi kullanışlı araçlar bulunuyor.
VirtualBox ve VMware : Sanal bilgisayarlara farklı işletim sistemleri kurarak programlarınızı test edebilirsiniz.
Parallels : Mac üzerinde Windows çalıştırmak için sanal makine. (Ücretli)
Notepad++ : Neredeyse her türlü kodu renklendirebilen, hızlı ve ücretsiz araç.
FastStone : Bu hızlı resim gösterici program, bir çok resim formatını gösterebiliyor. İçinde basit düzenleme araçları da var.
Paint.NET : Küçük ama çok becerikli bir resim programı.
BalenaEtcher : SD kartlara imaj yüklemek için harika bir program.
Metro Studio : SyncFusion tarafından sunulan ücretsiz icon editörü.
Putty : Telnet, SSH gibi protokoller ile haberleşme yapan terminal programı.
Terminal : Terminal is a basit bit seri port (COM) haberleşme programıdır. Modem veya gömülü sistemlerle haberleşmekte kullanılabilir. Bağlantıyı kesmeden ayarları değiştirilebiliyor. Sitesi kapanmış ama dosya burada bulunuyor.
By phantomComments Off on Visual Basic 6.0 için seri port / paralel port işlemleri
Paralel ve seri portların var olup olmadığını öğrenmek için fonksiyonlar. Dönen değerler True ise port mevcuttur.
Seri Port isimlerini bulmak için fonksiyon
Function IsComPortAvailable(ByVal portNum As Integer) As Boolean
Dim fnum As Integer
On Error Resume Next
fnum = FreeFile
Open "COM" & CStr(portNum) For Binary Shared As #fnum
If Err = 0 Then
Close #fnum
IsComPortAvailable = True
End If
End Function
Paralel Port isimlerini bulmak için fonksiyon
Function IsLptPortAvailable(ByVal portNum As Integer) As Boolean
Dim fnum As Integer
On Error Resume Next
fnum = FreeFile
Open "LPT" & CStr(portNum) For Binary Shared As #fnum
If Err = 0 Then
Close #fnum
IsLptPortAvailable = True
End If
End Function
Portların sayısını bulmak için yukarıdaki fonksiyonları çağırmalıyız. Bu fonksiyonların kullanılması zorunlu değildir.
Seri Portlar için
Dim count As Integer, i As Integer
For i = 1 To 16
If IsComPortAvailable(i) Then count = count + 1
Next
MsgBox count & "adet seri port bulundu"
Paralel Portlar için
Dim count As Integer, i As Integer
For i = 1 To 16
If IsLptPortAvailable(i) Then count = count + 1
Next
MsgBox count & "adet paralel port bulundu"
Paralel veya seri portta işlem yapmak için
Geçerli Port numarası öğrenildikten sonra bu fonksiyon kullanılarak açılır. fnum değişkeni açık olduğu bilinen port numarasıdır. Burada sadece LPT için işlem yapılmıştır. COM için sadece gerekli kısım değiştirilmelidir.
Public Sub OpenPort(ByVal PortNum As Integer)
Dim fnum As Integer
fnum = FreeFile
Open "LPT" & CStr(PortNum) For Output As #fnum
FileNumber = fnum
End Sub
Açılan porta string değişken bu fonksiyonla gönderilir.
Public Sub SendToPort(ByVal PortNum As Integer, ByVal Data As Byte)
Write #CStr(FileNumber), Data
End Sub
İşimiz bittiğinde portun kapatılması gereklidir.
Public Sub ClosePort(ByVal PortNum As Integer)
Close #CStr(PortNum)
End Sub
